Book of Ages

Book of Ages: The Life and Opinions of Jane Franklin (2013) is a biography of the eighteenth-century figure Jane Franklin Mecom by American historian Jill Lepore. The youngest sister of the inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin, Jane Franklin was his closest confidant. Lepore contends that Jane’s opinions, through her brother and other male peers, informed the course of American history despite her status as a marginalized subject. Lepore’s central thesis is that many female figures have influenced history in ways that do not make it into historical registers, whether due to credit taken from them, or to the active suppression of women’s achievements. Book of Ages, for its comprehensive analysis of women in the Revolutionary era, has been celebrated as one of the best contemporary works on early American history.

Book of Ages begins with a reflection on the ubiquity of Benjamin Franklin. Lepore suggests that his presence in the annals of history overshadows that of Jane Franklin, but questions the common notion that he was inherently more prolific or genius than his sister. Today, the male Franklin is a symbol of America’s Enlightenment era, the invention of electricity, the evolution of the nation-state into a sovereign entity, and diplomatic progress. Lepore acknowledges that it is redundant to reassert these facts. However, she has some doubts about certain assumptions built into them, which seem to base themselves on the archetype of the male genius rather than comprehensive historical evidence. She also acknowledges that many of Ben Franklin’s failures are glossed over; most significantly, his earned estrangement from his wife and illegitimate son. Lepore notes that Jane Franklin, one of his closest intellectual peers, is rarely credited, or even mentioned, in biographical accounts that explain Ben Franklin’s achievements.

When Jane and Ben grew up, they usually lived far apart from each other. One fortunate result of their long-distance relationship is a wealth of surviving written correspondence. Lepore looks at these primary sources and richly characterizes what they suggest about the relationship between the siblings. She shows that they wrote to each other constantly, and always in good spirits, even when one experienced sorrow or despair. Ben Franklin wrote more to Jane than anyone else in his life. The letters also show that Ben acted as a benefactor for his sister, especially in her final years of life. Jane would often look for her brother’s latest public writings and statements and provide feedback, which he incorporated into his future work.



Lepore also notes some peculiar aspects of the historical record of Jane Franklin. It is unusually elliptical, considering that she was so essential to her brother’s personal development. Moreover, not a single known letter was written by Jane before she turned forty-five. These factors suggest that Jane’s influence on Ben was not well-known. Lepore compares the nebulous historical figuration of Jane to William Shakespeare’s fictional sister Judith, an individual Virginia Woolf invented as a rhetorical proxy for the reality of gender discrimination.

Lepore qualifies the notion that Jane was a “genius” in the way her brother was: she lacked a strong formal education and had few outlets for creative expression, and clearly held a narrow worldview. However, she overcame and exceeded many of these conditions during her life. She began to send her brother her opinions about political occurrences and other subjects outside of her direct experience. Usually riddled with spelling and grammar errors, these statements were nonetheless compelling, usually calling for peace and tolerance, and rebuking men’s ambitions of war.

As Ben Franklin sailed between the United States and Europe on various political and scientific journeys, Jane remained in Boston for almost her entire life. She enjoyed a simple life with Edward Mecom, her husband, whom she married at fifteen. Mecom was a debtor who had little in common with Jane, and Lepore suggests that their relationship was unaffectionate and mainly functional in nature. Indeed, Lepore’s research suggests that Ben was one of Jane’s only familial beacons of warmth: she gave birth to twelve children, but lost ten of them at different junctures in life. Her family was also predisposed to mental illness, and two of her own children went mad. Ultimately, she lost touch with at least one of her remaining children. She recorded these events in a journal she called her “Book of Age’s,” from which the biography gets its name.



Jane Franklin’s life was marginalized, sorrowful, and full of misfortune. Lepore acknowledges that it is a nearly impossible task to reconstruct the positive aspects of a life that was mostly internal, leaving behind few historical artifacts. Yet, Lepore contends that Jane obtained existential salvation and personal purpose with her boundless love, warmth, resilience, and sincerity, all traits that are obviated in her correspondence with her brother.