That Evening Sun

“That Evening Sun” is a short story by American writer William Faulkner. It was first published in 1931 as part of his collection These 13. The story is narrated by one of Faulkner’s most memorable characters, Quentin Compson, and presents a dark portrait of white Southerner’s indifference to the fears of one of their black employees, Nancy. The narrative sees Quentin and his two siblings, Jason and Caddy, attempting to understand part of the adult world that they have not yet encountered.

Nancy Mannigoe is an African-American washerwoman working for Quentin's family since their regular cook, Dilsey, has fallen ill. At the time, it was common for white families to have a black laundress or washerwoman who would wash their laundry. They would pick up the bundles of clothing from families such as Quentin’s and carry them on their heads all the way to their cabins, where they would wash them before bringing them back. The process soon came to include the use of automobiles to facilitate transportation, though the operations were still run almost entirely by African American women. Through his narration, Quentin reflects how times have changed in his hometown of Jefferson, Mississippi and how this is no longer commonplace, although it was considered to be normal just fifteen years earlier.

Quentin is a young boy of nine when his family hires Nancy as their washerwoman. He observes the way his family interacts with her, not sure what to make of it but still observing without judgment in the way an innocent child does. He comes to know that Nancy lives on the other side of the ditch, which they call “Negro Hollo.” She is responsible for cleaning the Compsons’ laundry and doing their cooking when their regular cook, Dilsey, is unavailable. Nancy’s estranged husband, Jesus, lives on the margins of both the African American and the white communities. He has a scar across his face, the result of a razor cut from a fight, presumably one of many fights in which he has participated.

Nancy gets into an argument with a white man on Main Street in the middle of the day. Mr. Stovall is the town bank clerk and church deacon; Nancy rails against him publicly for money owed to her for providing sexual favors. In response, Stovall knocks Nancy to the ground and kicks her in the face, knocking loose several of her teeth. She is taken away and put in jail, though no reason is given. While in jail, Nancy sings about her troubles and tries to hang herself. The jailer accuses her of using cocaine, sees that she is pregnant, and proceeds to beat her for her behavior anyway.

After she is released, Nancy receives a visit from her estranged husband. Jesus. in the Compsons’ kitchen. Speaking in vulgar sexual innuendos, they discuss her pregnancy and the identity of the father of the unborn child. After Nancy makes it clear that Jesus is not the father, he flies into a rage and vows to kill whoever it was that impregnated his wife. Nancy knows that Jesus would not go so far as to confront Stovall, because there would likely be grave consequences for such a thing, maybe even lynching. However, this fact brings her no comfort as she begins to fear Jesus himself and that, with nowhere else to direct his growing rage, he might take it out on her. She believes that Jesus is capable of killing her out of jealousy. After their conversation, Jesus disappears, heading off to visit another woman in Memphis.

Nancy refuses to return to her cabin across the river for fear that Jesus is lying in wait. The Compsons set up a place for her to sleep in the kitchen, and she even spends a night sleeping in the children’s room. However, once Dilsey recovers and is well enough to work again, Mrs. Compson refuses to allow Nancy to stay any longer. Nancy is distraught at the idea of crossing the river, convinced that Jesus is hiding out in the ditch just waiting for her. Terrified to go home alone, Nancy convinces the children to come to her cabin with her. She tells them a story that mirrors her own situation, desperately trying to entertain them to keep them by her.

Five-year-old Jason starts to get upset and wants to return home, as Quentin and seven-year-old Caddy grow increasingly uneasy. Eventually, Mr. Compson arrives. He is sympathetic to Nancy’s fears but does not believe she is in imminent danger. He takes his children home, leaving Nancy alone. Terrified and convinced that Jesus will return no matter what she does, she leaves the door to her cabin open, seemingly resigned to her fate, but she keeps the light burning because she does not want to be killed in the dark.